La Croix du 30/05/2013

Franca Rame, le souffle de la révolte et de la liberté
Grande figure populaire de la scène contestataire, l’actrice est décédée, le mercredi 29 mai, à 83 ans.

franca rame

ANDREAS SOLARO / AFP
Franca Rame lors d’une manifestation en 1997.
Comparse du prix Nobel de la littérature 1997, Dario Fo – son époux depuis 60 ans –, elle avait été, avec ce dernier, à la pointe de tous les combats politiques et féministes.

L’enfant de la balle
Née le 18 juillet 1929 à Parabiago, dans la région de Milan, Franca Rame est une enfant de la balle. Les origines de sa famille remontent au XVIIe siècle de « burattinis » et au XVIIIe de la commedia dell’arte. Ses parents sillonnent l’Italie de Mussolini, à la tête d’une troupe de théâtre ambulant.
Franca Rame se formera à leur école, débutant sur la scène quelques jours à peine après sa naissance, aux côtés, ou plutôt dans les bras de sa mère, dans un drame. Plus tard, au fil des haltes dans les villes et les villages, elle passe de pièces historiques sur Galilée et Giordiano Bruno à Shakespeare, Tchekhov, Pirandello…

La rencontre avec Dario Fo
Au lendemain de la guerre, Franca Rame rencontre Dario Fo, étudiant aux Beaux-arts passé à l’écriture de sketchs satiriques qu’il interprète à la radio et dans les cabarets. Ils ne se quitteront plus. Mariés en 1954, ils fondent diverses compagnies, dont, en 1958, la Compagnia Dario Fo-Franca Rame. Il en est le dramaturge, auteur, metteur en scène. Elle en est l’administratrice. Tous deux en demeurent les principaux acteurs, créant régulièrement de nouvelles farces et comédies.

Un théâtre de rire et de combat
Arrive 1968. Comme le reste de l’Europe, l’Italie entre en effervescence. Les manifestations se multiplient, la contestation s’amplifie, les heurts se succèdent. Ponctuées d’attentats sanglants signés par l’extrême droite ou les Brigades rouges, les années s’annoncent de « plomb ».
Plus proches des gauchistes que du Parti communiste, Franca et son époux s’inscrivent naturellement dans ce mouvement. Fondateurs des collectifs Nuova Scena, puis, en 1970, La Comune, ils sont les fers de lance d’un théâtre de combat et d’intervention, parti à la « rencontre du peuple ».
Abandonnant les institutions, ils jouent dans les usines et les salles des fêtes, les hôpitaux et les foyers de travailleurs. Ils versent leurs recettes aux associations, soutiennent les ouvriers en grève.
De Mystère Bouffe à Mort accidentelle d’un anarchiste, en passant par Faut pas payer, ils dénoncent pouvoir et argent, capitalisme et injustice sociale. Plusieurs de leurs spectacles seront interdits ou censurés. Portés toujours par la farce et un rire hénaurme, ils s’avèrent d’une violence ravageuse.

Le viol
En 1973, Franca Rame entre au Secours rouge, une organisation gauchiste d’aides aux prisonniers. Elle publie aussi un livre sur la réalité des prisons. Un commando néofasciste, soupçonné d’avoir été manipulé par des policiers, l’enlève. Elle est torturée et violée. Huit ans durant, elle taira, même à son mari, ce qui s’est passé. Pour se libérer du poids de cette « honte » comme elle le dira, elle passera par le théâtre avec Viol, une pièce qu’elle a écrite et interprètée elle-même.
Élue en 2006 au Sénat sous la bannière de l’ex-juge anti-corruption Antonio Di Pietro, Franca Rame démissionne deux ans plus tard, fustigeant l’inertie du système politique italien. Mercredi, à l’annonce de son décès, les sénateurs ont observé, en son hommage, une minute de silence.

DIDIER MÉREUZE


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